The Fourth Dimension - Definition in Art History

We live in a three-dimensional world and our brains are trained to see three dimensions — height, width, and depth. This was formalized thousands of years ago in the year 300 B.C. by the Alexandrian Greek philosopher, Euclid, who founded a school of mathematics, wrote a textbook called the Euclidean Elements, and is known as the father of geometry. However, several hundred years ago physicists  and mathematicians postulated a fourth dimension. Mathematically, the  fourth dimension  refers to time as another dimension  along with length, width, and depth. It  also refers to space and the space-time continuum. For some, the fourth dimension is spiritual or metaphysical. Many artists during the early 20th century, among them the Cubists, Futurists, and Surrealists, have attempted to convey the fourth dimension in their two-dimensional artwork, moving beyond the realistic representation of three-dimensions to a visual interpretation of the fourth dimension, and creating a world of infinite possibilities. Theory of Relativity The idea of time as a fourth dimension is usually attributed to the Theory of Special Relativity proposed in 1905 by the German physicist Albert Einstein (1879-1955). However, the idea that time is a dimension goes back to the 19th century, as seen in the novel The Time Machine  (1895) by British author H.G. Wells (1866-1946), wherein a scientist invents a machine that lets him travel to different eras, including the future. Although we may not be able to travel through time in a machine, scientists have more recently  discovered that time travel is, in fact, theoretically possible.   Henri Poincarà © Henri Poincarà © was a French philosopher, physicist, and mathematician who influenced both Einstein and  Pablo Picasso with his 1902 book, Science and Hypothesis. According to an article in Phaidon,   Picasso was particularly struck by Poincarà ©s advice on how to view the fourth dimension, which artists considered another spatial dimension. If you could transport yourself into it, you would see every perspective of a scene at once. But how to project these perspectives on to canvas? Picassos response to Poincarà ©s advice on how to view the fourth dimension was Cubism --  viewing multiple perspectives of a subject at once. Picasso never met Poincarà © or Einstein, but their ideas transformed his art, and art thereafter. Cubism and Space Although the Cubists did not necessarily know  about Einsteins theory —  Picasso was unaware of Einstein when he created Les Demoiselles dAvignon  (1907), an early Cubist painting — they were aware of the popular idea of time travel. They also understood Non-Euclidean geometry, which the artists Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger discussed in their book Cubism  (1912). There they mention the German mathematician Georg Riemann (1826-1866) who developed the hypercube. Simultaneity in Cubism was one way artists illustrated their  understanding of the fourth dimension, meaning that the artist would simultaneously show  views of the same subject from different viewpoints  Ã¢â‚¬â€ views that would not normally be able to be seen together at the same time in the real world. Picassos Protocubist painting, Demoiselles DAvignon, is an example of such a painting, since it uses simultaneous fragments of the subjects as seen from different viewpoints - for example, both a profile and frontal view of the same face. Other examples of Cubist paintings showing simultaneity are Jean Metzingers Tea Time (Woman with a Teaspoon) (1911), Le Oiseau Bleu (The Blue Bird  (1912-1913), and  Robert Delaunays paintings of the Eiffel Tower behind curtains.   In this sense, the Fourth Dimension concerns the way in which two kinds of perception work together as we interact with objects or people in space. That is, to know things in real time, we must bring our memories from past time into the present. For example, when we sit down, we dont look at the chair as we lower ourselves on to it. We assume the chair will still be there when our bottoms hit the seat. Cubists painted their subjects based not on how they saw them, but on what they knew of them, from multiple perspectives. Futurism and Time Futurism, which was an offshoot of Cubism, was a movement that originated in Italy and was interested in motion, speed, and the beauty of modern life. The futurists were influenced by a new technology called chrono-photography  that showed the movement of the subject in still-photos through a sequence of frames, much like a childs flip-book. It was the precursor to film and animation. One of the first futurist paintings was  Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash  (1912), by Giacomo Balla, conveying the concept of movement and speed by blurring and repetition of the subject. Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2 (1912), by Marcel Duchamp, combines the Cubist technique of multiple views with the futurist technique of the repetition of a single figure in a sequence of steps, showing the human form in motion. Metaphysical and Spiritual Another definition for the fourth dimension is the act of perceiving (consciousness) or feeling (sensation). Artists and writers often think of the fourth dimension as the life of the mind and many early 20th century artists used ideas about the fourth dimension to explore metaphysical content.   The fourth dimension is associated with infinity and unity; the reversal of reality and unreality; time and motion; non-Euclidean geometry and space; and spirituality. Artists such as Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, and Piet Mondrian,  each explored those ideas in unique ways in their abstract paintings.   The fourth dimension also inspired Surrealists such as the Spanish artist Salvador Dali, whose painting, Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) (1954), united a classical portrayal of Christ with a tesseract, a four-dimensional cube. Dali used the idea of the fourth dimension to illustrate the spiritual world transcending our physical universe. Conclusion Just as mathematicians and physicists explored the fourth dimension and its possibilities for alternative realities, artists were able to break away from one-point perspective and the three-dimensional reality it represented to explore those issues on their two-dimensional surfaces, creating new forms of abstract art. With new discoveries in physics and the development of computer graphics, contemporary artists continue to experiment with the concept  of dimensionality. Resources and Further Reading Henri Poincarà ©: the unlikely link between Einstein and Picasso, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2012/jul/17/henri-poincare-einstein-picasso?newsfeedtrue Picasso, Einstein, and the fourth dimension, Phaidon,  http://www.phaidon.com/agenda/art/articles/2012/july/19/picasso-einstein-and-the-fourth-dimension/ The Fourth Dimension and Non-Euclidean Geometry in Modern Art, Revised Edition, The MIT Press, https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/fourth-dimension-and-non-euclidean-geometry-modern-art The Fourth Dimension in Painting: Cubism and Futurism, The peacocks tail,  https://pavlopoulos.wordpress.com/2011/03/19/painting-and-fourth-dimension-cubism-and-futurism/ The painter who entered the fourth dimension, BBC,  http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160511-the-painter-who-entered-the-fourth-dimension The Fourth Dimension, Levis Fine Art, http://www.levisfineart.com/exhibitions/the-fourth-dimension Updated by Lisa Marder 12/11/17

Complementary Medicine And Alternative Medicine - 1556 Words

According to WHO, The terms complementary medicine or alternative medicine are used interchangeably with traditional medicine in some countries. They refer to a broad set of health care practices that are not part of that country s own tradition and are not integrated into the dominant health care system. It is also referred to as complementary or traditional medicine. Use of complementary medicine practices alongside modern medicine, while using alternative medicine instead of modern medicine practices. It Is extremely difficult Complementary and Alternative Medicine definition because it includes a huge number of practices as it permanently variable. As an example, were complementary and alternative medicine is defined to include all practices that do not systematically taught in the faculties of Medical Sciences, and this of course does not apply to States that have introduced complementary and alternative medicine in the curriculum of medical colleges. According to the results of a survey of national health information in the United States, the national survey of health information in the United States showed that 36% of adults use complementary and alternative medicine, and of this percentage (62%) if the religious supplications considered part of complementary and alternative medicine . In the year (2007) there were four out of every ten people have used complementary and alternative medicine in during the preceding twelve months. In Islamic countries especiallyShow MoreRelatedTraditional Medicine And Complementary And Alternative Medicine2859 Words   |  12 Pages The World Health Organization has defined three types of health systems to describe the degree to which traditional medicine/complementary and alternative medicine is an officially recognized element of health care. 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Debate for the Constitution Free Essays

When the U. S. constitution was made it there was a long debate over the ratification of the constitution. We will write a custom essay sample on Debate for the Constitution or any similar topic only for you Order Now There were two sides in the debate, the Federalists, who were supporter of the new constitution, and were better, organized than their opponents, and the Federalists had the support of the most respected men in America, George Washington, and Benjamin Franklin. The other side of the debate was the Antifederalists, who opposed ratification; although they weren’t as organized as the Federalists they did have some dedicated supporters. One major argument used by the supporters’ side in the debates over the ratification of the U. S. constitution is that there would be disorder without a strong central government. By 1787, most people were not happy with the articles of confederation. The farmers came to be debtors: and revolts like Shays’ rebellion where happening. The Federalists argued that without a strong central government, more rebellions like Shays’ rebellion would occur. So they looked to the constitution to create a national government capable of maintaining order. According to document 1, in which the Massachusetts sentinel wrote that the United States needed to adopt the constitution to make a more efficient federal government, to help the farmers, and protect the American name and character. Also according to document 3, in which a letter written by George Washington to John Jay, where Washington agreed with Jay that the articles of confederation had to be corrected. Also Washington suggested that America needed a stronger, national government. In the end, the Federalists won but not without strong debates and arguments from the Antifederalists. One major argument used by the supporters’ side in the debates over the ratification of the U. S. Constitution is that there would be disorder without a strong central government. The documents supporting my answer were document 1, and document 3. How to cite Debate for the Constitution, Essay examples

Dangers of Texting while Driving free essay sample

Drivers should not be allowed to use cellular devices while operating vehicles because it may increase the rate of car accident. I also think that their should be a law to completely band cell phone usage while driving. Cell phones are a big distraction while driving because many want to answer a text or call right then and then they lose all focus on what they are doing. Drivers need to be alert at all times in the event of on coming accident that can be avoided. Many new cars today have phones that are hands free and that is a lot safer than most cell phones. Despite the risks, the majority of teen drivers ignore cell phone driving restriction because they just think they are so cool and they know what they are doing until they get into a car accident. Using a cell phone while driving has caused many car accident, many don’t understand how distracting a phone can be. We will write a custom essay sample on Dangers of Texting while Driving or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When driving you need all your sense, so if your texting or on the phone it takes away some of those sense and is more likely to get in a car accident. Also when texting many are not even looking at the road. So you cant see what’s coming or around you. So if your texting your not paying attention. Talking on a cell phone while driving can make a young drivers reaction time very slow. Similarly when texting it causes driver to take their eyes of the road, many use two hand to text. Many today are taught how to drive with two hands and if trying to talk while driving they take one hand off the wheel to hold the phone which makes the steering wheel feel heavier. This is a problem because it makes the car harder to control. Also for those who try to hold the phone between their head and shoulder it puts them physically off balance and it makes the phone more prone to drop. Which your mind and bodies first reaction would be to pick it up making you take your eyes off the road they may think that it would only be a quick second but even in that short amount of time an accident could happen.

Dangers of Texting while Driving free essay sample

Drivers should not be allowed to use cellular devices while operating vehicles because it may increase the rate of car accident. I also think that their should be a law to completely band cell phone usage while driving. Cell phones are a big distraction while driving because many want to answer a text or call right then and then they lose all focus on what they are doing. Drivers need to be alert at all times in the event of on coming accident that can be avoided. Many new cars today have phones that are hands free and that is a lot safer than most cell phones. Despite the risks, the majority of teen drivers ignore cell phone driving restriction because they just think they are so cool and they know what they are doing until they get into a car accident. Using a cell phone while driving has caused many car accident, many don’t understand how distracting a phone can be. We will write a custom essay sample on Dangers of Texting while Driving or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When driving you need all your sense, so if your texting or on the phone it takes away some of those sense and is more likely to get in a car accident. Also when texting many are not even looking at the road. So you cant see what’s coming or around you. So if your texting your not paying attention. Talking on a cell phone while driving can make a young drivers reaction time very slow. Similarly when texting it causes driver to take their eyes of the road, many use two hand to text. Many today are taught how to drive with two hands and if trying to talk while driving they take one hand off the wheel to hold the phone which makes the steering wheel feel heavier. This is a problem because it makes the car harder to control. Also for those who try to hold the phone between their head and shoulder it puts them physically off balance and it makes the phone more prone to drop. Which your mind and bodies first reaction would be to pick it up making you take your eyes off the road they may think that it would only be a quick second but even in that short amount of time an accident could happen.